See drōbēn on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "droven"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "*drōfian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "bidrouvje"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "drôvje"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*drōvia"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "drōven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*drōvōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droeven"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "droeven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*druovon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "truoben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "truobēn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "truoben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "truobōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*drōbī",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "turbid"
},
"expansion": "*drōbī (“turbid”) + *-ēn",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *drōbī (“turbid”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*drōbēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/drōbēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become sad, to disturb"
],
"id": "en-drōbēn-gmw-pro-verb-RQcpS9wH",
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad"
],
[
"disturb",
"disturb"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become murky or dark"
],
"id": "en-drōbēn-gmw-pro-verb-aud2VLeM",
"links": [
[
"murky",
"murky"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "drōbēn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "droven"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "*drōfian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "bidrouvje"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "drôvje"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*drōvia"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "drōven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*drōvōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "droeven"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "droeven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*druovon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "truoben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "truobēn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "truoben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "truobōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*drōbī",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "turbid"
},
"expansion": "*drōbī (“turbid”) + *-ēn",
"name": "affix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *drōbī (“turbid”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōbēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "drōb?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*drōbēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/drōbēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to become sad, to disturb"
],
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad"
],
[
"disturb",
"disturb"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become murky or dark"
],
"links": [
[
"murky",
"murky"
],
[
"dark",
"dark"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "drōbēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for drōbēn meaning in All languages combined (4.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-09-20 using wiktextract (ea0d853 and 1ab82da). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.